Among the worms, there are a large amount (more than 260 species) of parasitic forms, which belong to the subtypes of flat and round worms.Parasitic worms have long been known by the helminth scientific terms, in this regard, the branch of parasitology, studying them, was called helminthology.With the term "helminths", the word "worms", coming down from the Latin root, coincides in meaning, which means "slippery".
Representatives of parasitic disease pathogens belong to the kingdom of animals.They parasitize in other living creatures (plants, mushrooms, animals) and therefore arose the parasitology involved in the study of all parasitic organisms.This is a general parasitology, and helminthology has already been distinguished from it, that is, a science that studies diseases caused by parasitic worms.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be necessary, that is, the creature whose body is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and, at the same time, serves as a source of its nutrition.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediates (in them the helminth passes the larval stages) and the end (in them and only in them, Helmint becomes sexually mature, invasive).
Not a single organ and no fabric of a person is safe from the possibility of invasion in one helminth, but that is where the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminest Propertiesnamely:
- For example, in such an old, ascarized helminth, it is necessary to consider the action of their anti -enzymes - antipepsin and antipsin that violate the digestive process.The volatile substances contained in internal fluid ascarids cause various toxic-allergic reactions: hives, bronchospasm and seizures, tear and headache;
- Development stage (eggs, larva, owners change);
- Sexual reproduction, in which genetic information exchange occurs, and this is the highest stage of development, leading to an increase in the heterogeneous population, that is, they become less vulnerable and achieved, it is harder to "achieve" to them;
- A long duration of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of the parasite lives, and this means the chronic course of Helminthias);
- The ability to suppresses or modify the host's imamune response, that is, sooner or later, the state of functional immunodeficiecy arises, and this is extremély Undesirable, Because Almost ideal conditions for the penetration of any wealthy pathogenic agents are creamed, as wellsFor the “Terminating” of Endogous FOCUE OF INFECTION, IF Any Previously There Were (WHICH, UNFORTUNATELY, OFTEN HAPPENS) AND OFTEN) AND OFTEN) AND OFTEN) And often) and often) restricted by the high level immune system;
- The presence of one or the other of the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that there are virtually no immunoprophylax methods;
- the wider distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The ability of eggs to persist in the external environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow either type to survive in "inhuman conditions" apparently.
The incidence of helminthiasis in the world is extremely high: of almost 6 billion people living on the planet now, 4 billion are hit by one type of helminthose and, given the fact that many of them are "bearers" of various parasites at once, the image will become even more impressive.
The reaction of the body
A person with his powerful set of compensatory adaptive reactions, the immune system, several non -specific protective barriers subject to helminth, cannot fail to react to his presence, although the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis is observed.But this is extremely rare, and most of the time the following can be identified:
- Several toxic-allergic reactions, usually skin.Moreover, if the cause of such reactions remains unhappy, and clinical manifestations occur, then, first and foremost, a thorough examination is required for the presence of Helmintical invasion;
- Neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a Helmintical invasion, in which toxic substances are constantly inserted in the blood, maintaining a certain level of toxin, leading to irritability, emotional lability, "unmotivated" outbreaks of anger, loss of concentration, perseverance, fast fatigue and sleep disorder.The growing general weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that "he had no strength to tighten a friend's hand in a meeting";
- Dyspeptic syndrome: diverse, ephemeral to manifest symptoms, including discomfort or abdominal pain, usually rare location and intensity, crash and swelling and a sense of explosion in the abdomen;and a change in appetite as in the direction of increasing (one of the reasons for the doctor's irreã is "good appetite, it means I'm healthy") and a significant decrease in appetite, up to anorexia;This is a disorder of the feces of constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of deep multifactorial dysbiosis;
- Many helminths feed on the owner's blood, being hemophagous, absorb vitamin B12 and interrupts the process of absorption of an anti -themic substance in the small intestine, damage the intestinal mucosa frequently and shallow, but in a large area.All of this leads to chronic blood loss and, in some cases, the development of anemia (anemia).Here it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins on hematopoietic organs, which is also important in the development of anemia.With helminties, increased eosinophil content is often detected (actively involved in allergic reactions);
- The presence of helmyntic invasion, subject to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to growth retardation and physical underdevelopment, possibly even increasing appetite;
- In children, during planned vaccines, various toxic-allergic post-vacination reactions are often observed;
- Helmints usually cause an exacerbation of chronic diseases, while the location of the helminth and the location of the body interested can be completely different in location in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very often, and perhaps the principle is triggered here that "it is not profitable for any parasite to destroy its victim to the end, otherwise it will not be parasitized, having lost and shelter and food overnight," but, however, the conditions incompatible with the owner's life emerge.For example, with liver echinocosis, brain finnosis.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of the helminths floats widely, depending on the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous, and cattle live safely for many years, with organs sprouted with eyococcal bubbles reaching a mass of several pounds.
Characterization of parasitic worms
Helminths in the human body do not multiply, except species such as cutter, dwarf.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.Direct infection of people affected by helminths does not occur except those that are songs (gimonoceptidosis, village).
Infection by other helminties occurs through soil (dirty hands - intestines - ascaridosis), or when the skin is contacted with the soil (sparkling) or water (schistosomiasis) or eating (shadowarnic, difficulty).
In the body, helminths live in various organs and tissues: in the gut - ascarides, pinworms, tapeworms, tape;In the liver - Equinechococci, Opistorchi;in the muscles - Trichinella;In the lungs - Paragonimus, in the blood - Philles, schistosomes.
OLISTORCHUS FILINE LEAF
Human or animal infection occurs when eating raw or dry fish: yes, cheap, break.A beak parasitizes in the liver and intestine of a person, dog, cats.Liver changes are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, the formation of bile stones, cirrhosis.For prevention purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw or cold fish.
Bicarry pulmonary paragoninus westemani
These beaks live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed in the smallest Bronchi.The owners are a man, a cat, a dog, a pig.
Infection occurs when food affected raw crabs or lobsters.A beak penetrates the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm - in the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning, with the rusty discharge of sputum, possibly with a mix of blood.When egg or parasitic metastases, the liver, spleen and brain are affected.With damage to the brain of the clinic depends on the location of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, seizures).
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw crabs and lobsters.
Another class includes flat worms - are tape worms, which in turn are divided into ribbons and current units.
The ribbon worms in the overlay state are inhabitants of the intestinal vertebrates.
Along with similar characteristics inherent in strip worms, there are also significant differences between tape and tapeworm.This is especially important in the diagnostic plan, when it is necessary to identify parasites.
In the tapes, Helmint - a wide ribbon (Difillobotrium latum) is released, which causes a disease called difficultly.The ribbon is wide - a giant helminth, reaching a length of 15 m.It is a parasite of slaughter, lives in the small intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
A person is infected when eating insufficiently fried or poorly salty fish (rhus - ruff, perch, burbot; lake - trout, gray) with living larvae.The infection usually occurs through fresh animated pike caviar and called.Some lovers squeezed the abdomen cavion directly in the mouth, and with it the larvae may act, causing infection.
In the clinical image of difficultly, dyspeptic disorders prevail: discomfort and pain in the unstable, bang, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a change in appetite and unstable feces.It often develops, especially with a long course of the disease, anemia (anemia).With Dipillobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is vitamin B12 deficiency.
Helmint takes vitamin B12 and other nutrients, sucking on them with the entire surface of his body, which, like the lock key, approaches the joint edge of the intestine and thus increases the suction surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms appear, including macrocits and megaloblasts.This shows that with a latent invasion course, changes still occur, which in the future can lead to the appearance of malignant anemia with face wax, skin, sharp weakness, tachycardia.
In the diagnosis of difficultness, the clinical picture of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis;Therefore, the co -programoposcopy method is of great importance here, which allows you to detect eggs of a wide stool ribbon, which are released in the outer environment 3 weeks after infection.
The eggs come out with the dog's feces and stick to their wool.They can be listed in a person's mouth and swallowed if you caress the infected dog and then take food with uninsy hands.The same can happen with the kisses of a dog.In northern countries, where dogs are the nearest domestic animal for humans, echinococosis in people is quite common.
The echinococcosis clinic is characterized by painful pain in the right hypochondrium, where a tumor formation is determined with a smooth round surface and, when breathing, moving with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a cyst or cyst suppuration, an innovation in bile paths, accompanied by acute pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, multiple abscesses may be formed, which leads to deaths.
With lung echinococcosis, unique cysts prevail, most often located in the smallest portion of the right lung.At the early stage, the disease is often diagnosed by an accident with an X -ray examination of the chest.Over time, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain appear.It should be noted that the growth of echinococcus cysts in the lungs is usually not less than the growth rate of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis of echinococosis, the methods of choice are: radiological, ultrasonic studies, tomography, scanning, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene by keeping dogs and taking care of them;Be sure to wash your hands after contact with the dog;Avoid dogs in a person's food and for their dishes;Limit the direct contact of children and dogs.Wandering dogs are everywhere subject to catches.
The health education of the population is essential.
Dwarf Chain - Hymenolepis Nana
The disease it causes is called hymenolipidosis.The dwarf slap is insignificant in size against a wide ribbon and reaches a length of only 1-4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of dwarf tapeworm occurs in a owner, in which the larval stage passes from the beginning and then becomes sexually mature.Thus, a person in this case is an intermediate and final master.
The main habitat of tapeworm is the ileum and usually parasitizes many individuals (there are cases of finding about one thousand copies in the patient).
In the clinical picture, abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable feces, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, seizures, epileptic seizures) prevail prevail.
The diagnosis is confirmed when dwarf eggs in the stool are confirmed, and the release of eggs is often discontinuous;Therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to conduct a study 2-3 times a month.
Prevention: the dwarf of a dwarf parasitizes mainly in children;Therefore, at the childhood institution where patients were detected, it is necessary to examine all children and employees regarding the presence of this helm tentic invasion.This also applies to family members.
No -thin -demoral is a helmintic invasion like ascariasis
The causative agent is a human loom.The old Russian name of ascarids is the rope.The figurative folkloric language of this name, coming down from the word "string", accurately characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the helminth body.Human infection occurs when mature and invasive eggs with soil particles, eating poorly washed vegetables and fruits, infected fruits, sometimes when drinking water from open reservoirs.
Askarides relate to "restless" helminths, their activity and mobility are a common cause of atypical location.They can be introduced into the appendix, causing the development of acute appendicitis;In liver and pancreas ducts with the development of fever, hepatic colic, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases - to liver rupture;The trach can reach the upper respiratory tract, causing asphyxiation of nasal passages and even eustomous tubes.Intestinal obstruction caused by an ascarid tube, or due to the reflex spasm of the intestine, is not excluded even in the presence of unique parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in the stool, but it should be borne in mind that ascaroid eggs are absent in intestinal movements in the presence of immature or ancient females in the intestines, as well as parasitizing some males, observed in 3.5 % of cases.Prevention: Vegetables and fruits before eating should be well washed and scalded with boiling water, it is not recommended to drink non -water water.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by the vermicular cutter.
In addition to severe itching in the perianal region, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of pinworms and larvae in the urogenital paths, vagina in women.Functional changes in the intestine are characteristics: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, decreased appetite, as well as nervous system disorders with headache, weak sleep, irritability, decreased performance.
In the diagnosis of enterobiosis, it is important that patients often observe the release of Pinworms is important.The pin in the intestine does not lay eggs, so they are extremely rare in intestinal movements.The main method of diagnosis is perianal scraping in various modifications, the "tape" method.
To prevent enterobiosis, it is necessary to wean the children to nibble, suck and lick their fingers.Nails should be cut soon and follow their purity.It is necessary to place the room with cleaning and damp ventilation.Chairs, bathrooms and night pots are spilled with boiling water.
The main treatment methods
- Pumpkin seeds
- Male fern extract, pumpkin seeds, diclorofen
- Walnut
- The São João Most is drilled
- Devyasil is high
- 1 teaspoon.Dry rhizomes with crusts insist for 8 hours in 1 glass of cooked water cooked, tension.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of rhizomes with roots in 1 glass of water, insist for 4 hours, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Carrot
- Grate several crops of roots in a grater or pass a meat grinder;Tighten the juice.Fresh juice before using the mixture with honey or sugar to taste.Take 1 tablespoon.l.2 times a day in the morning, an empty stomach and at night for 1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 tablespoons.l.Boil the grated carrots in 1 glass of milk.Take the carrot paste by 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day before meals.
- Sagebrush
- Tansy
- Maria is anti -classic
- Birch is wart
- 1 teaspoon.The birch buttons insist 1 hour in 1/2 cup boiling water, tension.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the whole portion a day at 3 doses.
- Boil 5 g of birch sprouts for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insist for 1 hour, strain.Take 15 to 20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- Daisy
- Lion
- 1 teaspoon.Lion tooth roots and herbs are infused for 1 hour in 1 glass of boiling water, tension.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Tooth root powder -de -leon (take a dose placed on the tip of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Visco
- 1 teaspoon.Insist Omela in 1 glass of boiled water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Boil 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Walnut Hazel
- The garlic is sown
- Siberian larch
- Male fern
- Timyan Ordinary (thyme of the garden)
- Pumpkin
- Pomegranate
The mechanism of action: alters the motor activity of the parasite, causing the first relaxation and then muscle contracture.At the same time, due to withdrawal waves, the helminth is expelled.
Application and dose method
Within.They are mainly used in the presence of contrasts to the use of male fern extract.2 days before treatment, a cleaning enema is prescribed daily in the morning and a salty laxative on the eve of the night.On the day of treatment, with an empty stomach, they put an enema, regardless of the presence of a chair.
Application and dose method
Inside, children-0.25-0.5 g, adults-1.0--1.5 g;once a day.Take 5-7 daily treatment courses with a 7-day interval.A month later, an anti -seven -dia -Dia treatment course is prescribed.
Application method
3 teaspoon.Dry leaves insist on 2 cups of boiling water for 20 to 30 minutes.Drink hot in several tricks, like tea.
Application method
10 g of St. John dry grass in 1 glass of boiling water, insist.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Application method
Application method
In medical practice, dry worm wood inflorescences are used.They are rubbed in a mortar and taken into a mixture with sugar, jam, honey, 5 g "quotvar seed" (for adults) 3 times a day 1.5-2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last night reception, a laxative is prescribed.
Side phenomena for an overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, breathing oppression and heart activity.
Basically, due to toxicity, it is used in adults, not in children.Centers and essential oil have an anti -helmintic effect against nematodes, especially effective for ascaridosis and enrichosis.For this purpose, dried flowers can be taken in the form of a dust, in the form of an infusion (1:10), as well as in the enemas of the top extract.And 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Application method
1 teaspoon.Marie Anti -Glass's dry top, along with the fruits, insists 2 cups of boiling water, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
Kidney decoction has an anti -helmintic effect on round worms.
Application method
A decoction is used to expel small worms.
Application method
2 teaspoon.Insist her herbs with niva flower baskets for 4 hours in 1 glass of boiling water, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day.Use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have an anti -heelmintic effect.
Application method
OMEL has an anti -Helmintic action (in round worms).
Application method
Walnut oil is taken inside as an anti -helmutal agent for ascarid.
Hot decoction of garlic is used for anti -helmintic enemas.With the Pinworms, a slice of garlic onion is introduced into the anus, which kills parasites.
One will be obtained from Larch.In folk medicine, you will be used as a remedy for ribbon worms.
The rhizomes have a very effective effect against the ribbon worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on ribbon worms, paralyzing its muscles.
Purified seeds with a green-green skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed against the ribbon worms (tapeworm).
Application method
Pumpkin seeds assume the empty stomach;Dose for adults - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults receive a decoction of 500 g of semi-seed seeds, children 10 years old of 300.0 g, 5-7 years of 200.0 g, to 5 years from 100-150.0.0 g.
The consistent goal of pumpkin seeds at a conventional dose and fern extract at small doses (adult 2.5-3.0 g, children according to age) increases the effectiveness of treatment.Samambaia extract is prescribed an hour after taking pumpkin seeds and, after taking the fern extract, is given laxative.
Granada roots and branches bark has a strong paralyzing effect on the ribbon worms.
Application method
1 teaspoon.Boil perecability of leather (peel) of fruit or pomegranate flowers in 1 glass of water, insist for 2 hours, tension.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.